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Residential energy consumption survey (RECS): one in three U.S. households faced challenges in paying energy bills in 2015. United States Energy Inf. Adm. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2015/energybills/ (accessed Sept 13, 2021).

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Energy justice towards racial justice. Nat Energy 2020; 5.

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Hernández D, Jiang Y, Carrión D, Phillips D, Aratani Y. Housing hardship and energy insecurity among native-born and immigrant low-income families with children in the United States. J Child Poverty 2016; 22: 77–92.

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Graff M, Carley S, Konisky DM, Memmott T. Which households are energy insecure? An empirical analysis of race, housing conditions, and energy burdens in the United States. Energy Res Soc Sci 2021; 79: 102144.

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Chen M, Ban-Weiss GA, Sanders KT. Utilizing smart-meter data to project impacts of urban warming on residential electricity use for vulnerable populations in Southern California. Environ Res Lett 2020; 15: 064001.

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Kontokosta CE, Reina VJ, Bonczak B. Energy cost burdens for low-income and minority households. J Am Plan Assoc 2020; 86: 89–105.

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Assessing the cooling needs of homebound individuals in Maricopa County, 2016. 2016 https://www.maricopa.gov/DocumentCenter/View/53679/Cooling-Needs-of-Homebound-Individuals-Report-PDF (accessed Sept 7, 2021).

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Zamuda CD, Bilello D, Conzelmann G, et al. Energy supply, delivery, and demand. In Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2018: 174–201.

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Wang Z, Hong T, Li H. Informing the planning of rotating power outages in heat waves through data analytics of connected smart thermostats for residential buildings. Environ Res Lett 2021; 16: 074003.

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American housing survey (ahs) table creator: 2019 national – heating, air conditioning, and appliances – all occupied units. United States Census Bur. 2019. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/data/interactive/ahstablecreator.html?s_areas=00000&s_year=2019&s_tablename=TABLE3&s_bygroup1=16&s_bygroup2=1&s_filtergroup1=1&s_filtergroup2=1 (accessed Sept 7, 2021).